Charles Lindbergh Jr.

On the night of March 1, 1932, 20-month-old Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr. was taken from the second-floor nursery of the family's newly built home near Hopewell, New Jersey. The toddler was the son of aviator Charles A. Lindbergh, who in 1927 had become an international celebrity for the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight. Nurse Betty Gow discovered the child missing at about 10 p.m., and a ransom note demanding $50,000 was found on the nursery windowsill. Outside, investigators recovered a homemade wooden ladder, apparently used to reach the window, along with footprints in the mud. The case immediately drew national and international attention.

Over the following weeks the kidnappers sent a series of ransom notes bearing a distinctive symbol of interlocking circles, eventually raising the demand to $70,000. Dr. John F. Condon, a retired Bronx schoolteacher, volunteered as an intermediary and, using the pseudonym "Jafsie," communicated with a man he met in cemeteries. On April 2, 1932, Condon delivered $50,000 to a man at St. Raymond's Cemetery in the Bronx. Much of the ransom was paid in gold certificates whose serial numbers had been recorded, a decision that later proved central to the investigation because such bills were about to be withdrawn from circulation.

On May 12, 1932, the child's badly decomposed body was found by a passing truck driver in woods a few miles from the Lindbergh home. An autopsy attributed death to a blow to the head, and investigators concluded the child had likely died on or near the night of the abduction. Authorities circulated the recorded serial numbers of the ransom bills, and over the next two years the marked gold certificates surfaced periodically in the New York area. On September 18-19, 1934, a ransom bill was traced to Bruno Richard Hauptmann, a German-born carpenter living in the Bronx; more than $14,000 of the ransom money was found hidden in his garage.

Hauptmann's trial opened January 2, 1935, at the Hunterdon County Courthouse in Flemington, New Jersey, in a media spectacle often called the "Trial of the Century." The prosecution, led by Attorney General David T. Wilentz, presented the ransom money, handwriting analysis linking Hauptmann to the notes, Condon's address and phone number found written inside a closet in Hauptmann's home, and expert testimony that a board from his attic matched wood in the kidnap ladder. Hauptmann insisted he was innocent, claiming the money had been left with him by a business associate, Isidor Fisch, who had returned to Germany and died. On February 13, 1935, the jury convicted him of first-degree murder and he was sentenced to death. After appeals and clemency petitions failed, Hauptmann was executed in the electric chair at the New Jersey State Prison on April 3, 1936, maintaining his innocence to the end.

The kidnapping prompted Congress to pass the Federal Kidnapping Act of 1932, popularly known as the "Lindbergh Law," which made transporting a kidnapping victim across state lines a federal crime and expanded FBI jurisdiction. Hauptmann's conviction and execution remain matters of historical record. However, in the decades since, some authors, journalists, and researchers, among them Ludovic Kennedy and Lloyd Gardner, have argued that the investigation was flawed and that Hauptmann may not have acted alone or may have been wrongly convicted; his widow, Anna Hauptmann, pursued unsuccessful lawsuits against New Jersey in the 1980s. These challenges are contested and have not overturned the verdict; many historians and former FBI officials continue to regard the evidence against Hauptmann as persuasive. The case endures as one of the most studied and debated crimes in American history.